Operating system ek software hai jo user aur computer hardware ke beech me interface ki tarah kaam karta hai. Operating system ka main objective computer ko user ke use ke liye convenient banana hai aur aur computer hardware ko efficient way me utilize karna hai. Is post me hum aapko batayenge ke operating system kaya hai? Aur operating system kaise kaam karta hai.
Operating System Kya Hai?
Operating system computer ke basic task ko perform karta hai Jaise keyboard se input ko lena, instruction ko process karna, aur screen ko output bhejna. OS computer ke memory aur processes, ke sath sath ye sabhi software aur hardware ko bhi control karta hai.
Har computer me ek operating system ka hona zaroori hai taki wo dusre program ko run kar sake. Operating system aapko apne computer bina computer language jane communicate karne me help karta hai.
Operating system ka use program aur utility ko run karne ke liye kiya jata hai. Ye application programs ke execution ko control karta hai.
Har ek computer me application ko control karne ke liye ek operating system ka hona zaroori hai. Bina OS ke computer kisi kaam ke layaq nahi hota hai.
UNIX, MS-DOS, MS-Windows – 98/XP/Vista, Windows-NT/2000, OS/2 aur Mac OS ye kuch popular operating system ke nam hai.
Niche Operating System ke Kuch Important function ko mention kiya gaya hai:
- Memory Management
- Processor Management
- Device Management
- File Management
- Security
- System performance ke upar control
- Job accounting
- Error detecting aids
- Dusre Software aur users ke bech me coordination
Memory Management
Memory management Primary Memory or Main Memory ke management ko refer karta hai. Main memory fast storage provide karta hai jise CPU direct access karta hai. Koi bhi program main memory me hi execute karta hai.
Memory management ke liye operating system niche diye gaye functions ko perform karta hai:
- Memory ke kis part ko kaun use karega aur kaun sa part useme nahi rahega ye OS manage karta hai.
- Multiprogramming me OS ye decide karta hai ke kaun sa process ko kab aur kitna memory milega.
- Jub koi process memory ke liye request karta hai to ye memory allocate karta hai.
- Jub kisi process ko memory ki zaroorat nahi rahti hai to OS memory ko de-allocate karta hai.
Processor Management
Multiprogramming environment me OS ye decide karta hai ke kaun se process ko kab aur kitne time ke liye memory allocate karna hai. Is process ko process scheduling kaha jata hai. Operating System processor management ke liye in work ko perform karta hai:
- Process aur process ke state pe nazar rakhta hai. Aur is task ke liye jo program responsible hai use traffic controller kahte hai.
- Process ko processor allocate karta hai.
- Process finish hone pe ke processor ko deallocate karta hai.
Device Management
Operating System respective drive ke ki help se device communication ko manage karta hai. Device management ke liye OS in work ko perform karta hai:
- Sabhi device pe nazar rakhta hai. Aur jo program is ke liye responsible hai use I/O controller kahte hai.
- Ye decide karta hai ke kaus se process ko device milega aur kitne time ke liye.
- Device ko efficient way me allocate karta hai.
- Device ko de-allocates karta hai.
File Management
Easy navigation aur usage ke liye file system ko normally directories me organize kiya jata hai. In directories me dusre files aur directories ho sakte hai.
File management ke liye operating system in kamo ko karta hai:
- Information, location, uses, status etc pe nazar rakhna.
- Ye decide karna ke resources kise mile.
- Resource allocate karna
- Resources ko de-allocate karna
Dusre Important Activities
Yaha pe kuch dusre importan activities diye gaye hai jinhe operating system perform karta hai.
- Security −Ye programs aur data me unauthorize access ko prevent karta hai.
- System Performance Ko control karta hai– Service request aur system response ke beech me hone wale delay ko record karta hai.
- Job accounting − Various jobs aur users ke use kiye jane wale time aur resources pe nazar rakhta hai.
- Error detecting aids −dumps, traces, error messages aur dusre debugging and error detecting aids ko produce karta hai.
- Dusre Software aur users ke bech me coordination: Computer system ke different user ke liye compilers, interpreters, assemblers aur dusre software ke Coordination aur assignment ko manage karta hai.
Operating System Ke Types
Commonly use kiye jane wale important operating system ke naam niche diye gaye hai:
Serial processing: Serial processing operating system process ke processing ke liye FIFO( First In First Out) structure ko follow karta hai.
Batch Processing: Batch Processing me ek hi tarah ke kaam ko prepare aur process kiya jata hai.
Real Time System: Real time system ka use us jagah pe kiya jata hai jaha higher aur timely response ki zaroorat hoti hai.
Distributed Operating System: Is operating system me data bahut sare location pe store aur process hota hai.
Multiprocessing: Is tarah ke operating system me do ya us se zyada CPU operating system me hota hai.
Parallel operating systems: Is tarah ke operating system me computer ke sabhi running resources ko parallelly manage kiya jata hai.
Operating System Kaise Kaam Karta Hai?
Jub computer ko khola jata hai to operating system program ke main memory me load ho jata hai. Is program ko kernal kaha jata hai.
Ek baar kernal ke load ho jane ke baad operating system joki ek system program hai user program ko run karne ke liye ready ho jata hai. Ready hone ke baad OS application program ko hardware ka use efficiently karne ki permission deta hai.
Operating System Ke Charecteristics
- Operating system ek aise program ka collection hai jo dusre program ke execution ko control karta hai.
- OS system se jude input aur output device ko control karta hai, Ye sabhi application software ko control karta hai.
- OS process ko memory ko allocate karne ke liye jise scheduling kaha jata hai uske liye responsible hota hai.
- OS Bios me store hota hai. Ye system start hone waqt system ko execute karne ke liye jitne bhi zaroori information hote hai use parh keta hai. Iske liye OS ko computer me load karna hota hai. Isliye OS ko computer ke hard disk me stire karna hota hai.